System of starting alternating current motors



Sept. 19, 1933.

F. W. GAY

SYSTEM OF STARTING ALTERNATING CURRENT MOTORS Filed July 9, 1931 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 I 62 cr I [NVEN TOR.

Sept. 19, 1933. w GAY 1,927,208

SYSTEM OF STARTING ALTERNATING CURRENT MOTORS Filed July 9, 1931 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 500 )4 400 v I ADJ 500 o so 40 6O 50 I00 INVENTOR.

Patented Sept. 19, 1933 SYSTEM OF STARTING ALTERNAT ING CURRENT MOTORS Frazer W. Gay, Newark, Application July 9, 1931. Serial No. 549,617

12 Claims.

'Ih'i's invention relates 'to a novel means of starting electrical machinery-by employing wind- "i gs in series connection in starting and in parallel connectionjrunning; in combination with reactari'c 'e coils offering high impedance when the windings are series connected but low impedance 'when'the windings are parallel connected. The use of current limiting reactance coils permanently connectedin' power circuits to limit ourrent is common practice. I propose to so interleavefthesereactance coils that they offer a high impedance to currents during the starting period and a negligible impedance during normal operation. "Q

, I In general obtain this result by employing a plurality'of closely'interleaved coils which, dur- "ing the parallel or' running connection, carry currents producing magnetomotive forces in op position so that there is no magnetic flux produced by the geometric sum of all the magnetomotivc forceson a given interleaved coil group, but during the starting period the geometric sum Oithe magnetomotive forces in any coil group has ayery substantial value and' ,accordingly there is a large'magnetic flux interlinking the. coils in said coil group and producing a substan-' tial'counter voltage opposing'said current.

. In; the preferred form I employ three coil groups softhat, in starting, the coils in any coil group carry currents of different phase and produce individual magnetomotive forces which add geometrically toproduce a substatnial flux which 'in turn produces a counterelectromotive force opposing said current.-,,. V il1h'the normal running v cenneetion thefcu'rrents' in any coil group are all in phaseandthc magnetomotive forces oi some coils arithmetically subtract from the magnetomotive, forces produced in; certain other coils so that the total magnetomotive force of any coil groupMis zero and hence the reactance opposed to the, currents in the coils is a minimum.

Motors required to develop high v starting torque,' as for example industrial motors, are

Inv both of the above types of drive I propose to connect reactance coils in series in the winding circuits of each of the above two types of motors, and toso assemble and space said coils that with windings connected in series the reactances of said coils with respect to starting cur- ,rents will be great; while with motor windings connected in the parallel or running arrangement the reactances of said coils, with respect to the normal running currents, will be relatively very low.

A principal Object of the'present invention is to provide a novel means for starting alternating current motors, synchronous condensers, motor generator sets, etc. said starting means being adapted to inherently provide a continuously' rising voltage across'the windings of the motor as the motor speed rises and the starting current diminishes. u 5

A further object 'of the present invention is to continuously raise the voltage across the windings of a motor during the starting period until such voltage reaches a value adequate to maintain substantially full speed "on said motor, and to provide switch means adapted upon closing to change the connections of the windings from .a series to a parallel arrangement.

It is a further object of the present invention, especially in the case of'induction' motors having many poles,' t0 operate said machine with windings connected in series delta during starting and light load periods, and with windings connected parallel star during heavy load periods. The power factor and efficiency of the motor is thereby improved during light load periods of operation.

Still'an'other object of the present invention lies in the provision of a starting means of the above character which is easily operated to effect the starting of a machine, the starting action being progressive and continuous and taking place without sudden or violent current interruptions. I

. A further objector" the present invention is to provide a starting means of the above character which merely requires the closing of switches to complete the starting operation, such switches being closed without the'subsequent occurrence of high voltage or current surges.

It is a further'object of this invention to start electrical machinery witha minimum starting current employing reactance coils, and means for simultaneously changing the connections of the windings and the reactances of the coils.

It is a further object of this invention to provide reactance coils having tapped turns in combination with motor windings having many turns in series between terminals, and means for reducing the number of motor winding turns in series between terminals during normal running operation, said means acting simultaneously to substantially eliminate reactance from said circuits.

In carrying out the invention in its preferred form, 7 each phase winding of .the electrical machine is wound in 'two winding groups? each such winding group being preferably distributed circumferentially over one half of the stator, although such exact distribution of the winding groups is not imperative, especiallyrinrmachines having many poles. i 1.

Other objects and advantages .willbecome apparent from the specification, taken in 'connection with the accompanying drawings ing which:- Fig. 1 is a diagrammatic representation-of a windings arranged in the starting connection.

Fig 2 is a diagrammatic representation of the same-motor. with. windings connected for running. V

. Fig.3.is a cross .-.actance coils shown inFigs. 1 and 2.

Fig. 4 is an end elevation of the motor shown in Figs. 1 and 2.

Fig.5 isadiagrammatic representation'of a modified form of the invention in'the starting connection. V

Fig. 6 is aidiagrammatic representation of the motorin Fig. 5in the running connection.

Fig. 7lisfa; diagram to'illustrate' the vectorrelation of thevoltages duringthe starting operation with motor connections shown inFig. 1.

Fig. 8 is adiagrammatic representation ofthe motordnFig/S to showlthe vectorrelations of voltages inlthe reactance coils with starting con- .nection. I y

' Fig. T9 is a graph illustrating'the 'current 10011- sumption ofmotors of the presentinventioniin comparison with'standard motors.

Fig. 1 shows .an induction motor having two sets of stator windings 11, 111, c1;.and a2,"b2, 02. These motor windings are shownjdeltaconnected with reactance coils inseries an'd connectedto a three phase .line by wires 1,' 2, 3 and threepole switch 15. v

Stator .windings a2 and D1 are shown connected in series with reactance coils "A2 and B1 across the p hase 1-2.

Stator windings c1 andbZ are shown connected in-series with reactance-coils Cl.and B2 across thephase 3 1.

'- Stator windings a1 and c2 are shown connected in series with reactance. coils A1 and C2 across phase 2-3.

A threepole single throw contactor switch 4 is operated by closing coil 12 connected across wires 1 2 by 1eads 13 and 14. One pole 5.of contactor 4 is'connected to neutral bar 8 at its hinge and to thejunction of reactor A2 andBl at' its jaw by lead- 9. The middlepolefi of contactor 4 is connected at its hinge to neutral bar 8 and at itsv jaw to the junction of reactors B2 and C1 by lead 10. The third pole '7 of contactor 4 is connected at its hinge to neutralbar 8 and atits jaw to the junctionof reactorsAl -and C2 by=lead 11.

"' Figs-2'shows-the contactor:.4 closed as.by.the

operationot closing. coil 12, Fig. 1. '.It is seen that by the;closing of contactor 4,-allthe windings a1, (12; 111,122; 01, (:2 are starv connected to theneu- .tral {oar -8 through their; reactance coils. A1 is three phase motor of the present invention with.

sectional elevation of the'replotted asor'dinate and per centstator voltage as wound opposite to A2, and B1 is wound opposite to B2, and C1 is wound opposite to C2 so that the znagnetomotive forces in each pair of reactors cancel when switch 4 is closed.

Fig. 3 shows the coils A1, A2; B1, B2; C1, C2 concentrically mounted on cores 21, 20, and 22 respectively. Yokes 23 and 24 serve to close the magnetic circuits of cores 20, 21, and 22. A bar lot non-lmagneticmaterial 25 serves to space yoke "24 from cores 20, '21, and 22. Goils A1, A2 etc. may-have taps brought out to vary their reactance or their reactance may be varied by changing the "thickness of the non magnetic material 25 as is '8 and operated by closing co'i1"1 2. Wire's9, '10, 11

or switch 4.

Iigffi shows'aimethod of applying thereactance coils illustrated in Fig. .3110 a motor winding, as fully .describe'd'in my'UJSLPatentNQ. 1,849,519.

Fig. 6 shows the connection o'fthe windings shown in Fig.: 5 a'fter contactorf4 hasclosedand .10 connected the. stator windings, and reactor windingsfin multiple. .CoilsAl and 'A2 -are-oppositely wound "Fig. '3 so that-for the connection shown in Fig. 6 their reactance is negligible.

Fig.7 shows that coils .Al and .A2 shown in Fig. '1' havev a reactance voltage substantially the same as phase'13,.since one of these coils A2 is in phase 21-2 and the other. coil;A1 -is in phase '2-3,'the resultant magnetizing 'Iorce isinphase ,with'the'1-3 phase. current. In the same manare s'hown'comingfrom reactonRtoi the jjaw clips 1 nerithecounter' electromotive .forces in coils B1,

B2 are in phase with :the voltage of;phase'23, andthe counter electromotive'forc'e developedin the reactors'Cl andCZ'is the same.as'the voltage oflphasel-i2. 1

In the sameJma'nnerFigJ8 shows the vector.relation of'the counterE.'.M.Fs..o'f thereactance coils shownin Fig. 5 with. respect/to the counter 'E. of the windings (21,422; b1,"'b2 01,132.

"Fig. .9 shows a ,graph f illustrating the current taken by an induction motor'having a locked stator-current six times normal with various voltages between 331 an'df.86% applied Ito the stator. Per cent starting cu'rTenttakenfrom .theline is abscissa.

CurveD1 shows .the starting current that would betakenfrom the'line by. such anin'duction motor requiring high starting jtorque and starting throughthe range60 to'86%j stator volt- .age if the voltage were stepped down from the line to the .motor' by a,perfect auto transformer i. e. a transformer having no leakage current and no impedance.

Curve B showstheapproximate. current actu-'- .ally taken Jfromthe line in'clu'ding'that used by a transformer.

CurveA shows the approximate current taken .from the'line with'theconventional reactance or resistance starter.

.Curve .'C1 shows the approximate current taken .fromf'theline'by a. motor requiring high starting torqueand connected in accordance with the preferredarrangement shown in Figs. 1, 2, and 7.

showsthe line current that would be taken by'a motor requiring low startingtorque through the range of starting voltage from 33 tof'50% i f the voltage'were stepped down to the tpr statori'by a perfect transformerj i. efla ljtr former having no leakage currentand no 'imnee g i ."Cur've'j B,"2 showsithe approximate current actually taken from 'the line including that used 5 operation'of thisarrangement is as follows When it is desired to start the motor .(Fig. ,4) switch (Fig. 1, and Fig. 4) is closed .andclosingcoil 12 of contactor switch 4 is'therebyfen ergized. The j'fclosing of contactor switch ,.4is delayedby the operation of. a dash pot shown ljat D, Fig: 4. The motor startswithj thestator winding. phase groups al, 171, cl makin'gfup the windin gsi on' one side of the stator respectively in serieswith'lthe stator winding phase groups c2,

112,152 making up the windings on the other side of theii nr. 1 ...,Reactor coils A2, B1 are connected in series with stator winding groups a2, bl. Reactor coils C1, B2 are connected in series with stator wind- ;groups c1, b2. .Reactor coils A1, C2 are connected in series with stator winding groups (11, 02. Now if %.ofthe stator voltage across phase 1, 2 is absorbed by the reactor coils .A2, B1 then 80% will be absorbed by the .stator winding groups a2, b1 or substantially 40% by 112 and 40% by 111. .Also similarly located winding groups b2 and c1; and c2 and a1 will each absorb 40% of the stator voltage. Dash pot D may be adjusted to allow as slow a closing of contactor}; as desired so as to allowjthe motor (Fig.4) to come up to speed beforeicontactor 4 closes. I v a Now it is well known that as a motor comes up to speed its starting current diminishes, hence as the motonshown'inFig. 4 comes up to speedthe current inreactancecoils as A2, B1 will diminish and the per cent stator voltage absorbed by these coilswill diminish; It follows therefore that as the motor comes up to speed the voltage impressed on its stator winding phase groups will increase approaching at nearly synchronous speed. This. characteristic-of rising stator voltage with speed is particularly desirable in the starting of synchronous motors as .well as motors driving fans and pumps which generally require a higher voltage as they pull up to full speed than is required to start them. After contactor 4 has closed the stator windingsare connected'in a,

- "standard parallel star connection as shown in.

Fig. 2. "In the standard connection shown in Fig.2 the currents in reactor coils A1 and-A2 arenumeric'allyequal and their equal magneto- *motive forces are directly opposed so that the jreactances of these coils are substantially nil. It

' follows therefore that when contactor 4 is closedand the stator windings are in star connection equal currents add upgeometrically to form a magnetomotive force which is in time phase with the thirdcurrent 'that is the current in the 1--3 phase. It follows therefore that while the reactance voltage in coils a2, b1 at starting will substantially directly oppose the'pha'se voltage '1 2,jthe reactancevoltage across reactor coil A2 will be substantially opposed to the voltage across phase 1---3 as 'shown' in Fig; IQ-In the same manner it can be shown that the reactance voltage induced in coils-B1,-'B2 is opposed to the voltage imp'ressedwn the 2-3 'phaseand the reactance volta'geinduced in coils C1, C2 is opposed to the-voltage "impressed on the 1-2 phase. These voltage relationships are shown diagrammatically in Fig.'7. The principles of this invention are'shown, in-Figs. 5, 6, and '8,

' applied to thealternating current motor starting system fully describe'd in tion serial No. 457,073;

In Fig. 5 are shown the series connections of two statorwindingphase groups (II, bl, c1 and a2, b2, 02 connectedin pairs in series relation in the deltastarting connection. I

Fig. 6 showsthese'statorwinding phase groups in the parallel delta; running condition which exists afterswitch 4 (Fig; 5) is closed. Coils Al and A2 are wound in' close inductive relation and are shown connected inFig. 6 so that their nctornotive forces are" equal opposite. B1, B2; -(31,(32 are-similarly connected. W n switch 4 (Fig.1 5) is closed phase'winding group 02 is my U; patent 'applic'a- -thrown 60 electrical degreesfrom phase 1 2 to phase 23 and phasewinding'groiip c1 is thrown 60 electrical degrees in the opposite direction, i. e. from phase 1-3 to phase 2-'3. It is therefore seen that upon closing switch 4, phase winding groupc and-"its series connected reactor C1 is displacedl20 electrical degrees with respect to phase winding group'c2 and its series connected reactor C2. The reactors Cl and G2 which are shown connected in FigI-G to have magnetoznotive forces'bucking will when connected like Fig. 5 have magnetomotive forces 1.73 times the magnetomctive force of one coil's'ay'Cl.

8 is a' diagrammatic representation of the reactance voltages of the reactors and stator winding phase groups connected for starting as ent-e'mbodimeritsof this invention could be made thereofljt is intended that all matter contained. in theabovedescriptionor shown in the accompanying drawings shall b'einterpreted iliustrati've'and not in a-li miting sense.

What is claimed is:

1. An: alternating current motor having six equal turn winding group's, said winding groups being permanently connected in series to form a closed electrical'circuit; a three phase power circuit having three phase wires, the phase wires of said circuit being connected respectively to pointsin said closed electrical circuit located between alternate'winding groups; and a three pole single throwfswitch having its-three poles mutually connectedtogether and arranged on closing to' have its poles respectively connected "to those "threefpoints in said closed electrical circuit between alternate winding groups so that upon closing said switch said six winding groups are connected iii-parallel star arrangement.

251malternating current motor having 'equal turn winding groups; a three phase circuit,

I respective pairs of said Wll'ldlllg groups being phases ofjsaid three} phase circuit to form a series delta arran ement; ane al o duc w a hre "pole singlethrowswitch, each pole Oi-said switch beingarran ed ta beccnnecte to aee nt bet n the wee-win ing: roups; a respe ive ai of windin rou s; sai swit pon 1 l sing con- .nectin said three points to, said neutral conductor -so;that=saidgsix; windings are connected in a parallelcs ararran em 3. An; alternating. current motor having six winding groups,- three of said winding groups uniformly distributed around one half of the stator and theoth three winding groups occupyin correspondinepo t qns h in n ha1f o f.-; thesta-tor, said six winding groups being connectedir pairs, each pair of winding groups beingconnected; in series relation across a respective one oi tl e three phases andthe three groups being solidly and permanently connected in series delta arrangement and a three pole switch connected upon closing to join said six winding groups in parallel star arrangement.

5. A motor having three winding groups uniformly distributed on one half of its stator, said three winding groups each occupying a corresponding third of the slotsunder each pole and a corresponding three winding groups occupying corresponding positions on the other half of said stator; a three phase circuit, corresponding winding groups in each half of said stator being connected to a common phase wire of said three phase circuit and said pairs of winding groups so formed being connected to form a series delta arrangement, the three winding groups in one half of said stator being symmetrically connected in rotation around said delta.

6. A motor having three winding groups uniformly distributed on one half of itsstator, said three winding groups each occupying a corresponding third of the slots under each pole and a corresponding three windings occupying corresponding positions on the other half of said stator; a three phase circuit, corresponding winding groups in each half of said stator being connected to a common phase wire of said three phase circuit and said pairs of windings so formed being joined together in series to form a series delta arrangement, the three winding groups in one half of said stator being symmetrically connected in rotation around said delta, and a threepole single throw switch connected to join said six windings in parallel star when closed.

'7. An alternating current motor having six winding groups uniformly distributed, three on each half of the stator; a three phase power circuit, two correspondingly positioned windings,

one on each half of said stator being connected to,

a respective phase wire of said power, circuit and all six windings being connected in series delta to cooperate to rotate said motor and a three pole single throw switch connected to close and join said six windings to form a two circuit star connected winding.

greaictancepqils co nettedin se es l thf ea h t J LQQ'EZQ connected in series relation ac f $S respective n mb na ion,- a lrphase a tern current mote: cem tlii ge-nhese .he me w Winding rei esiee n ctfefiin m ltip for nor runningjcbnnection'; two 1 reactance coils, h i saidlr ctance' coils be neienn gte in series with a, respective qnefbr' groups, said two reactance coils being ,n, inelose inductive relation said coils'ibeirig; r'eversel'y. wound sothat normal running co nection their magnetomotive' forces" substantially an e nd w tch m ns concer d 's id'mot said switch means operatingto cause said two winding roups to carry, currents. of d fler n phase during the starting lof said n otor l a' h ree phasep wer ir uitz.a tlir e'bh motor having sixjst'ator windings; reactance coils, each of said reactancev coils being' permanently 'connecte'din series relaton with a re- .spectiveone of saidstator windirngs', said six stator w nd n e neifpennenen l n e d'i S r s d ta, armament. durin s rting; a

s tch jme. en es ed n. lac said; ei s' tet hr e pere lerem neq ii Windn es pirate, durineinmnine or efia'ti thetwo stator windings constituting a parallel g roup'du r- 1 2 un ie e e i n bei g. duct vely a and e qsi und. and, cen e te t ha maeneto nq i fees; were 'dl i llgl' run in op rati n-r n ombinat on; a ti eeeh ee alternating ur ntma hine h vi three te m nal ad a two w nd n ra e a d ct' c co P phase, 7 said v wind 'mg' groups 1 and said reactance ils of ach fespee vep se b n'e permanen y connected ir series across the twotern iinal leads ic aie ph se. f s gi eid m c o perate in series deltaian d l'switching j means connected to said "machine, said switching means being operable to pause eachwinding'group and, an associated series corinected'i'eact'anc'e coil to be connected across the terminal 'leads';of""a different phase of f'said; machin "59' that each phase of said machine has -onef'winding group'and a series connected reactance-c'oil' operating in multiple with; another windin gfl'groiipand sf-"series connected reactance coil} the -said two reactance coils, so connected in multiple relation in-each such phase, being inductively related wittrrespect to one another. 11. In combination, a three phase alternating current machine having three terminal-leads and two winding groups andtworeactance coilsper phase, said winding groups, and said reactance coils of each respective phase being permanently connected in series across the two terminal leads of said phase for causing said machine to operate in series delta as during'starting'with said reactance coils serving to lower the startingcurrent, and switching means, connected to said machine, said switching means being operable to cause the. several winding groups-and reactance coils to change their respective phase positions to differing phase positions for normalmachine u in o at a hznh se f dme h e-du ne Q Iu e ason W ndin v ro an a series connected reactance coil'o'perating in multiple with ,another winding; group and a, series connectedv reactance coil, said parallel operating reactance coils of. each phase "being opposi teiy wound. and inductively, associated "for causing their magnetomotive forces to" substantially counteract one another causing'their reactar ces to ecome very low dur n no malh u nine so hat subst n ial y 11 phas vo eejei m e e across the two parallel operating winding groups of each respective phase.

12. In combination, a three phase alternating current machine having three terminal leads and two winding groups and two reactance coils per phase, said winding groups and said reactance coils of each respective phase being permanently connected in series across the two terminal leads of said phase for causing said machine to operate in series delta as during starting with the magnetomotive forces of the reactance coils of each phase being additive so that said reactance coils serve to lower the starting current, and switching means connected to said machine, said switching means being operable to cause the several winding groups and reactance coils to change their respective phase positions to differing phase positions for normal machine running, so that each phase of said machine during normal running has one windinug group and a series connected reactance coiloperating in multiple with another winding group and a series connected reactance coil with said machine operating in parallel star, said parallel operating reactance coils of each phase being oppositely wound and inductively asscciated for causing their magnetomotive forces to substantially counteract one another causing their reactances to become very low during normal running so that substantially full phase voltage is impressed across the two parallel operating winding groups of each respective phase.

FRAZER W. GAY. 

